@article{andersonNewMethodNonparametric2001, title = {A New Method for Non-Parametric Multivariate Analysis of Variance}, author = {Anderson, Marti J.}, year = 2001, journal = {Austral Ecology}, volume = {26}, pages = {32--46}, keywords = {ANOVA,distance measure,experimental design,linear model,multifactorial,multivariate dissimilarity,partitioning,permutation tests,statistics}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\JRNTQR3Z\Anderson - 2001 - A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance.pdf} } @article{batesFittingLinearMixedEffects2015, title = {Fitting {{Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using}} {\textbf{Lme4}}}, author = {Bates, Douglas and M{\"a}chler, Martin and Bolker, Ben and Walker, Steve}, year = 2015, journal = {Journal of Statistical Software}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, issn = {1548-7660}, doi = {10.18637/jss.v067.i01}, urldate = {2026-05-31}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\J47BQYKL\Bates et al. - 2015 - Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4.pdf} } @article{bellarditaPhenotypicCharacterizationSpeedAssociated2015, title = {Phenotypic {{Characterization}} of {{Speed-Associated Gait Changes}} in {{Mice Reveals Modular Organization}} of {{Locomotor Networks}}}, author = {Bellardita, Carmelo and Kiehn, Ole}, year = 2015, month = jun, journal = {Current Biology}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {1426--1436}, issn = {09609822}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.005}, urldate = {2026-05-25}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\JJCTWUGI\Bellardita et Kiehn - 2015 - Phenotypic Characterization of Speed-Associated Gait Changes in Mice Reveals Modular Organization of.pdf} } @misc{borchersPracmaPracticalNumerical2011, title = {Pracma: {{Practical Numerical Math Functions}}}, shorttitle = {Pracma}, author = {Borchers, Hans W.}, year = 2011, month = mar, pages = {2.4.6}, publisher = {Comprehensive R Archive Network}, doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.pracma}, urldate = {2026-05-31}, abstract = {Provides a large number of functions from numerical analysis and linear algebra, numerical optimization, differential equations, time series, plus some well-known special mathematical functions. Uses 'MATLAB' function names where appropriate to simplify porting.}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\3SIUKHQ9\Borchers - 2011 - pracma Practical Numerical Math Functions.pdf} } @article{brennanExistingMeasuresPoincare2001, title = {Do Existing Measures of {{Poincar\'e}} Plot Geometry Reflect Nonlinear Features of Heart Rate Variability?}, author = {Brennan, M.}, year = 2001, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {48}, pages = {1342--1347}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance,Biomedical Engineering,Heart Rate,Humans,Models Cardiovascular,Models Statistical,Nonlinear Dynamics}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\WPL4TFDX\Brennan et al. - 2001 - Do existing measures of Poincaré plot geometry reflect nonlinear features of heart rate variability.pdf} } @article{cavagnaSourcesExternalWork1976, title = {The Sources of External Work in Level Walking and Running}, author = {Cavagna, Giovanni A. and Thys, H. and Zamboni, A.}, year = 1976, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, volume = {262}, pages = {639--657}, keywords = {Adult,Biomechanical Phenomena,Gait,Humans,Kinetics,Male,Physical Exertion,Running}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\74PSEX55\Cavagna et al. - 1976 - The sources of external work in level walking and running.pdf} } @article{dannerSpinalControlLocomotion2023, title = {Spinal Control of Locomotion before and after Spinal Cord Injury}, author = {Danner, Simon M. and Shepard, Courtney T. and Hainline, Casey and Shevtsova, Natalia A. and Rybak, Ilya A. and Magnuson, David S.K.}, year = 2023, month = oct, journal = {Experimental Neurology}, volume = {368}, pages = {114496}, issn = {00144886}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114496}, urldate = {2026-05-18}, abstract = {Thoracic spinal cord injury affects long propriospinal neurons that interconnect the cervical and lumbar enlargements. These neurons are crucial for coordinating forelimb and hindlimb locomotor movements in a speeddependent manner. However, recovery from spinal cord injury is usually studied over a very limited range of speeds that may not fully expose circuitry dysfunction. To overcome this limitation, we investigated overground locomotion in rats trained to move over an extended distance with a wide range of speeds both pre-injury and after recovery from thoracic hemisection or contusion injuries. In this experimental context, intact rats expressed a speed-dependent continuum of alternating (walk and trot) and non-alternating (canter, gallop, half-bound gallop, and bound) gaits. After a lateral hemisection injury, rats recovered the ability to locomote over a wide range of speeds but lost the ability to use the highest-speed gaits (half-bound gallop and bound) and predominantly used the limb contralateral to the injury as lead during canter and gallop. A moderate contusion injury caused a greater reduction in maximal speed, loss of all non-alternating gaits, and emergence of novel alternating gaits. These changes resulted from weak fore--hind coupling together with appropriate control of left--right alternation. After hemisection, animals expressed a subset of intact gaits with appropriate interlimb coordination even on the side of the injury, where the long propriospinal connections were severed. These observations highlight how investigating locomotion over the full range of speeds can reveal otherwise hidden aspects of spinal locomotor control and post-injury recovery.}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\623NVJSX\Danner et al. - 2023 - Spinal control of locomotion before and after spinal cord injury.pdf} } @article{demartinoHumanMovementSimulated2023, title = {Human Movement in Simulated Hypogravity---{{Bridging}} the Gap between Space Research and Terrestrial Rehabilitation}, author = {De Martino, Enrico and Green, David A. and {Ciampi de Andrade}, Daniel and Weber, Tobias and Herssens, Nolan}, year = 2023, month = feb, journal = {Frontiers in Neurology}, volume = {14}, publisher = {Frontiers}, issn = {1664-2295}, doi = {10.3389/fneur.2023.1062349}, urldate = {2026-05-30}, abstract = {Human movement is optimized to Earth's gravity and based on highly complex interactions between sensory and neuro-muscular systems. Yet, humans are able to adapt --at least partially-- to extreme environments upon and beyond Earth's surface. With upcoming Lunar Gateway and Artemis missions, it is crucial to increase our understanding of the impact of hypogravity --i.e., reduced vertical loading-- on physiological and sensory-motor performances to improve countermeasure programmes, and define crewmember's readiness to perform mission critical tasks. Several methodologies designed to reduce vertical loading are used to simulate hypogravity on Earth, including body weight support (BWS) devices. Countering gravity and offloading the human body is also used in various rehabilitation scenarios to improve motor recovery in neurological and orthopaedic impairments. Thus, BWS-devices have the potential of advancing theory and practice of both space exploration and terrestrial rehabilitation by improving our understanding of physiological and sensory-motor adaptations to reduced vertical loading and sensory input. However, lack of standardization of BWS-related research protocols and reporting hinders the exchange of key findings and new advancements in both areas. The aim of this introduction paper is to review the role of BWS in understanding human movement in simulated hypogravity and the use of BWS in terrestrial rehabilitation, and to identify relevant research areas contributing to the optimization of human spaceflight and terrestrial rehabilitation. One of the main aims of this research topic is to facilitate standardisation of hypogravity-related research protocols and outcome reporting, aimed at optimizing knowledge transfer between space research and BWS-related rehabilitation sciences.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {Body weight support,Exercise,Hypogravity,Neurorehabilitation,Orthopaedic rehabilitation,Reconditioning,spaceflight}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\6NK3LEFI\De Martino et al. - 2023 - Human movement in simulated hypogravity—Bridging the gap between space research and terrestrial reha.pdf} } @article{escofierMultipleFactorAnalysis1994, title = {Multiple Factor Analysis ({{AFMULT}} Package)}, author = {Escofier, Brigitte and Pag{\`e}s, J{\'e}r{\^o}me}, year = 1994, journal = {Computational Statistics \& Data Analysis}, volume = {18}, pages = {121--140}, keywords = {Canonical analysis,Factor analysis,Groups of variables,Multiple correspondence analysis,Multiple factor analysis,Principal component analysis}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\U4PDRAZQ\Escofier et Pagès - 1994 - Multiple factor analysis (AFMULT package).pdf} } @article{lacquanitiHumanLocomotionHypogravity2017a, title = {Human {{Locomotion}} in {{Hypogravity}}: {{From Basic Research}} to {{Clinical Applications}}}, shorttitle = {Human {{Locomotion}} in {{Hypogravity}}}, author = {Lacquaniti, Francesco and Ivanenko, Yury P. and {Sylos-Labini}, Francesca and La Scaleia, Valentina and La Scaleia, Barbara and Willems, Patrick A. and Zago, Myrka}, year = 2017, month = nov, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, publisher = {Frontiers}, issn = {1664-042X}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00893}, urldate = {2026-05-30}, abstract = {We have considerable knowledge about the mechanisms underlying compensation of Earth gravity during locomotion, a knowledge obtained from physiological, biomechanical, modeling, developmental, comparative and paleoanthropological studies. By contrast, we know much less about locomotion and movement in general under sustained hypogravity. This lack of information poses a serious problem for human space exploration. In a near future humans will walk again on the Moon and for the first time on Mars. It would be important to predict how they will move around, since we know that locomotion and mobility in general may be jeopardized in hypogravity, especially when landing after a prolonged weightlessness of the space flight. The combination of muscle weakness, of wearing a cumbersome spacesuit, and of maladaptive patterns of locomotion in hypogravity significantly increase the risk of falls and injuries. Much of what we currently know about locomotion in hypogravity derives from the video archives of the Apollo missions on the Moon, the experiments performed with parabolic flight or with body weight support on Earth, and the theoretical models. These are the topics of our review, along with the issue of the application of simulated hypogravity in rehabilitation to help patients with deambulation problems. We consider several issues that are common to the field of space science and clinical rehabilitation: the general principles governing locomotion in hypogravity, the methods used to reduce gravity effects on locomotion, the extent to which the resulting behavior is comparable across different methods, the important non-linearities of several locomotor parameters as a function of the gravity reduction, the need to use multiple methods to obtain reliable results, and the need to tailor the methods individually based on the physiology and medical history of each person.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {Body weight support,human locomotion,Hypogravity simulators,Locomotion rehabilitation,Moon walk,parabolic flight,Robotic gravity-assist}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\XWDNS3JQ\Lacquaniti et al. - 2017 - Human Locomotion in Hypogravity From Basic Research to Clinical Applications.pdf} } @article{leFactoMineRPackageMultivariate2008, title = {{{{\textbf{FactoMineR}}}} : {{An}} {{{\emph{R}}}} {{Package}} for {{Multivariate Analysis}}}, shorttitle = {{{{\textbf{FactoMineR}}}}}, author = {L{\^e}, S{\'e}bastien and Josse, Julie and Husson, Fran{\c c}ois}, year = 2008, journal = {Journal of Statistical Software}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, issn = {1548-7660}, doi = {10.18637/jss.v025.i01}, urldate = {2026-05-31}, langid = {english} } @misc{lenthEmmeansEstimatedMarginal2017, title = {Emmeans: {{Estimated Marginal Means}}, Aka {{Least-Squares Means}}}, shorttitle = {Emmeans}, author = {Lenth, Russell V. and Piaskowski, Julia}, year = 2017, month = oct, pages = {2.0.3}, publisher = {Comprehensive R Archive Network}, doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.emmeans}, urldate = {2026-05-31}, abstract = {Obtain estimated marginal means (EMMs) for many linear, generalized linear, and mixed models. Compute contrasts or linear functions of EMMs, trends, and comparisons of slopes. Plots and other displays. Least-squares means are discussed, and the term "estimated marginal means" is suggested, in Searle, Speed, and Milliken (1980) Population marginal means in the linear model: An alternative to least squares means, The American Statistician 34(4), 216-221 {$<$}doi:10.1080/00031305.1980.10483031{$>$}.}, langid = {english} } @book{mardiaDirectionalStatistics1999, title = {Directional {{Statistics}}}, author = {Mardia, Kanti V. and Jupp, Peter E.}, year = 1999, month = jan, series = {Wiley {{Series}} in {{Probability}} and {{Statistics}}}, edition = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, doi = {10.1002/9780470316979}, urldate = {2026-05-31}, copyright = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm\_license\_1.1}, isbn = {978-0-471-95333-3 978-0-470-31697-9}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\48LGQRQ3\Mardia et Jupp - 1999 - Directional Statistics.pdf} } @article{mathisDeepLabCutMarkerlessPose2018, title = {{{DeepLabCut}}: Markerless Pose Estimation of User-Defined Body Parts with Deep Learning}, shorttitle = {{{DeepLabCut}}}, author = {Mathis, Alexander and Mamidanna, Pranav and Cury, Kevin M. and Abe, Taiga and Murthy, Venkatesh N. and Mathis, Mackenzie Weygandt and Bethge, Matthias}, year = 2018, month = sep, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, volume = {21}, number = {9}, pages = {1281--1289}, issn = {1097-6256, 1546-1726}, doi = {10.1038/s41593-018-0209-y}, urldate = {2026-05-31}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\XDYMXU49\Mathis et al. - 2018 - DeepLabCut markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning.pdf} } @article{mcdonnellGaitBiomechanicsSkipping2017, title = {Gait Biomechanics of Skipping Are Substantially Different than Those of Running}, author = {McDonnell, Jessica and Willson, John D. and Zwetsloot, Kevin A. and Houmard, Joseph and DeVita, Paul}, year = 2017, month = nov, journal = {Journal of Biomechanics}, volume = {64}, pages = {180--185}, issn = {00219290}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.09.039}, urldate = {2026-06-02}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\29LDQB94\McDonnell et al. - 2017 - Gait biomechanics of skipping are substantially different than those of running.pdf} } @article{minettiBiomechanicsSkippingGaits1998, title = {The Biomechanics of Skipping Gaits: A Third Locomotion Paradigm?}, shorttitle = {The Biomechanics of Skipping Gaits}, author = {Minetti, Alberto E.}, year = 1998, month = jul, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences}, volume = {265}, number = {1402}, pages = {1227--1233}, issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.1998.0424}, urldate = {2026-05-04}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\IE9VC32R\Minetti - 1998 - The biomechanics of skipping gaits a third locomotion paradigm.pdf} } @article{mortreuxApproachingGravityContinuum2020, title = {Approaching {{Gravity}} as a {{Continuum Using}} the {{Rat Partial Weight-Bearing Model}}}, author = {Mortreux, Marie and {Rosa-Caldwell}, Megan E.}, year = 2020, month = oct, journal = {Life}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {235}, issn = {2075-1729}, doi = {10.3390/life10100235}, urldate = {2026-02-26}, abstract = {For decades, scientists have relied on animals to understand the risks and consequences of space travel. Animals remain key to study the physiological alterations during spaceflight and provide crucial information about microgravity-induced changes. While spaceflights may appear common, they remain costly and, coupled with limited cargo areas, do not allow for large sample sizes onboard. In 1979, a model of hindlimb unloading (HU) was successfully created to mimic microgravity and has been used extensively since its creation. Four decades later, the first model of mouse partial weight-bearing (PWB) was developed, aiming at mimicking partial gravity environments. Return to the Lunar surface for astronauts is now imminent and prompted the need for an animal model closer to human physiology; hence in 2018, our laboratory created a new model of PWB for adult rats. In this review, we will focus on the rat model of PWB, from its conception to the current state of knowledge. Additionally, we will address how this new model, used in conjunction with HU, will help implement new paradigms allowing scientists to anticipate the physiological alterations and needs of astronauts. Finally, we will discuss the outstanding questions and future perspectives in space research and propose potential solutions using the rat PWB model.}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\BZHAUZCX\Mortreux et Rosa-Caldwell - 2020 - Approaching Gravity as a Continuum Using the Rat Partial Weight-Bearing Model.pdf} } @misc{oksanenVeganCommunityEcology2001, title = {Vegan: {{Community Ecology Package}}}, shorttitle = {Vegan}, author = {Oksanen, Jari and Simpson, Gavin L. and Blanchet, F. Guillaume and Kindt, Roeland and Legendre, Pierre and Minchin, Peter R. and O'Hara, R.B. and Solymos, Peter and Stevens, M. Henry H. and Szoecs, Eduard and Wagner, Helene and Bedward, Michael and Bolker, Ben and Borcard, Daniel and Carvalho, Gustavo and De Caceres, Miquel and Durand, Sebastien and Evangelista, Heloisa Beatriz Antoniazi and Hannigan, Geoffrey and Hill, Mark O. and Lahti, Leo and Martino, Cameron and Ouellette, Marie-Helene and Ribeiro Cunha, Eduardo and Smith, Tyler and Stier, Adrian and Ter Braak, Cajo J.F. and Weedon, James}, year = 2001, month = sep, pages = {2.7-5}, publisher = {Comprehensive R Archive Network}, doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.vegan}, urldate = {2026-05-31}, abstract = {Ordination methods, diversity analysis and other functions for community and vegetation ecologists.}, langid = {english} } @article{paveiEstimationAccuracy3D2017, title = {On the {{Estimation Accuracy}} of the {{3D Body Center}} of {{Mass Trajectory}} during {{Human Locomotion}}: {{Inverse}} vs. {{Forward Dynamics}}}, shorttitle = {On the {{Estimation Accuracy}} of the {{3D Body Center}} of {{Mass Trajectory}} during {{Human Locomotion}}}, author = {Pavei, Gaspare and Seminati, Elena and Cazzola, Dario and Minetti, Alberto E.}, year = 2017, month = mar, journal = {Frontiers in Physiology}, volume = {8}, issn = {1664-042X}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2017.00129}, urldate = {2026-03-09}, langid = {american}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\I6WEAXTM\Pavei et al. - 2017 - On the Estimation Accuracy of the 3D Body Center of Mass Trajectory during Human Locomotion Inverse.pdf} } @article{paveiHoppingLocomotionDifferent2016, title = {Hopping Locomotion at Different Gravity: Metabolism and Mechanics in Humans}, shorttitle = {Hopping Locomotion at Different Gravity}, author = {Pavei, Gaspare and Minetti, Alberto E.}, year = 2016, month = may, journal = {Journal of Applied Physiology}, volume = {120}, number = {10}, pages = {1223--1229}, issn = {8750-7587, 1522-1601}, doi = {10.1152/japplphysiol.00839.2015}, urldate = {2026-03-09}, abstract = {Previous literature on the effects of low gravity on the mechanics and energetics of human locomotion already dealt with walking, running, and skipping. The aim of the present study is to obtain a comprehensive view on that subject by including measurements of human hopping in simulated low gravity, a gait often adopted in many Apollo Missions and documented in NASA footage. Six subjects hopped at different speeds at terrestrial, Martian, and Lunar gravity on a treadmill while oxygen consumption and 3D body kinematic were sampled. Results clearly indicate that hopping is too metabolically expensive to be a sustainable locomotion on Earth but, similarly to skipping (and running), its economy greatly (more than \texttimes 10) increases at lower gravity. On the Moon, the metabolic cost of hopping becomes even lower than that of walking, skipping, and running, but the general finding is that gaits with very different economy on Earth share almost the same economy on the Moon. The mechanical reasons for such a decrease in cost are discussed in the paper. The present data, together with previous findings, will allow also to predict the aerobic traverse range/duration of astronauts when getting far from their base station on low gravity planets.}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\W7RQS585\Pavei et Minetti - 2016 - Hopping locomotion at different gravity metabolism and mechanics in humans.pdf} } @article{paveiSkippingVsRunning2015, title = {Skipping vs. Running as the Bipedal Gait of Choice in Hypogravity}, author = {Pavei, Gaspare and Biancardi, Carlo M. and Minetti, Alberto E.}, year = 2015, month = jul, journal = {Journal of Applied Physiology}, volume = {119}, number = {1}, pages = {93--100}, issn = {8750-7587, 1522-1601}, doi = {10.1152/japplphysiol.01021.2014}, urldate = {2026-05-31}, abstract = {Hypogravity challenges bipedal locomotion in its common forms. However, as previously theoretically and empirically suggested, humans can rely on ``skipping,'' a less common gait available as a functional analog (perhaps a vestigium) of quadrupedal gallop, to confidently move when gravity is much lower than on Earth. We set up a 17-m-tall cavaedium (skylight shaft) with a bungee rubber body-suspension system and a treadmill to investigate the metabolic cost and the biomechanics of low-gravity (Mars, Moon) locomotion. Although skipping is never more metabolically economical than running, the difference becomes marginal at lunar gravities, with both bouncing gaits approaching values of walking on Earth (cost {$\approx$}2 J{$\cdot$}kg -1 {$\cdot$}m -1 ). Nonmetabolic factors may thus be allowed to dominate the choice of skipping on the Moon. On the basis of center of pressure measurements and body segments kinetics, we can speculate that these factors may include a further reduction of mechanical work to move the limbs when wearing space suits and a more effective motor control during the ground (regoliths)-boot interaction.}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\ZMKUUVMR\Pavei et al. - 2015 - Skipping vs. running as the bipedal gait of choice in hypogravity.pdf} } @article{poletReducingGravityTakes2017, title = {Reducing Gravity Takes the Bounce out of Running}, author = {Polet, Delyle T. and Schroeder, Ryan T. and Bertram, John E. A.}, year = 2017, month = jan, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, pages = {jeb.162024}, issn = {1477-9145, 0022-0949}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.162024}, urldate = {2026-05-10}, abstract = {In gravity below Earth normal, a person should be able to take higher leaps in running. We asked ten subjects to run on a treadmill in five levels of simulated reduced gravity and optically tracked center of mass kinematics. Subjects consistently reduced ballistic height compared to running in normal gravity. We explain this trend by considering the vertical takeoff velocity (defined as maximum vertical velocity). Energetically optimal gaits should balance energetic costs of ground-contact collisions (favouring lower takeoff velocity), and step frequency penalties such as leg swing work (favouring higher takeoff velocity, but less so in reduced gravity). Measured vertical takeoff velocity scaled with the square root of gravitational acceleration, following energetic optimality predictions and explaining why ballistic height decreases in lower gravity. The success of work-based costs in predicting this behaviour challenges the notion that gait adaptation in reduced gravity results from an unloading of the stance phase. Only the relationship between takeoff velocity and swing cost changes in reduced gravity; the energetic cost of the down-to-up transition for a given vertical takeoff velocity does not change with gravity. Because lower gravity allows an elongated swing phase for a given takeoff velocity, the motor control system can relax the vertical momentum change in the stance phase, so reducing ballistic height, without great energetic penalty to leg swing work. While it may seem counterintuitive, using less ``bouncy'' gaits in reduced gravity is a strategy to reduce energetic costs, to which humans seem extremely sensitive.}, copyright = {http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\4VI5M8Z7\Polet et al. - 2017 - Reducing gravity takes the bounce out of running.pdf} } @article{santuzMusclesyneRgiesFactorizationElectromyographicdata2022, title = {{{musclesyneRgies}}: Factorization of Electromyographicdata in {{R}} with Sensible Defaults}, shorttitle = {{{musclesyneRgies}}}, author = {Santuz, Alessandro}, year = 2022, month = jun, journal = {Journal of Open Source Software}, volume = {7}, number = {74}, pages = {4439}, issn = {2475-9066}, doi = {10.21105/joss.04439}, urldate = {2026-06-03}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\CXPPNDZK\Santuz - 2022 - musclesyneRgies factorization of electromyographicdata in R with sensible defaults.pdf} } @misc{santuzWalkingMoonHypogravity2026, title = {Walking on the {{Moon}}: {{Hypogravity}} Drives the Emergence of a Proprioception-Dependent Locomotor State}, shorttitle = {Walking on the {{Moon}}}, author = {Santuz, Alessandro and Luciano, Francesco and Natalucci, Valentina and Mbaye, Adama and Ma, Nini and Cazzola, Dario and Colyer, Steffi and Cowburn, James and Albracht, Kirsten and Braunstein, Bjoern and Rittweger, Joern and Herssens, Nolan and Weber, Tobias and Green, David A. and De Noiij, Joriene and Minetti, Alberto E. and Pavei, Gaspare and Zampieri, Niccolo}, year = 2026, month = jun, publisher = {Neuroscience}, doi = {10.64898/2026.06.02.729513}, urldate = {2026-06-05}, abstract = {Animals must adapt locomotion to changing environments, but how the nervous system flexibly select gait remains unclear. Gravity is a powerful natural perturbation altering body loading and limb dynamics. Apollo astronauts often skipped on the Moon, adopting an asymmetric gait rarely used on Earth, yet the motor control basis of this behavior is unknown. Here, by studying the effect of hypogravity on locomotion in humans and mice, we identify a conserved strategy for gait adaptation. Muscle synergy analysis in humans shows that skipping in reduced gravity is generated through flexible reuse of existing motor modules rather than construction of new ones. In mice, lunar gravity elicited a skipping-like asymmetric gait and genetic elimination of muscle proprioceptors abolished it. Thus, hypogravity reveals a proprioception-dependent mechanism for flexible gait selection.}, archiveprefix = {Neuroscience}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\9WYCQ5VG\Santuz et al. - 2026 - Walking on the Moon Hypogravity drives the emergence of a proprioception-dependent locomotor state.pdf} } @article{shibaDevelopmentNewExperimental2017, title = {Development of New Experimental Platform `{{MARS}}'---{{Multiple Artificial-gravity Research System}}---to Elucidate the Impacts of Micro/Partial Gravity on Mice}, author = {Shiba, Dai and Mizuno, Hiroyasu and Yumoto, Akane and Shimomura, Michihiko and Kobayashi, Hiroe and Morita, Hironobu and Shimbo, Miki and Hamada, Michito and Kudo, Takashi and Shinohara, Masahiro and Asahara, Hiroshi and Shirakawa, Masaki and Takahashi, Satoru}, year = 2017, month = sep, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {10837}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-10998-4}, urldate = {2026-02-26}, abstract = {Abstract This Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency project focused on elucidating the impacts of partial gravity (partial g ) and microgravity ({$\mu$} g ) on mice using newly developed mouse habitat cage units (HCU) that can be installed in the Centrifuge-equipped Biological Experiment Facility in the International Space Station. In the first mission, 12 C57BL/6\,J male mice were housed under {$\mu$} g or artificial earth-gravity (1\, g ). Mouse activity was monitored daily via downlinked videos; {$\mu$} g mice floated inside the HCU, whereas artificial 1\, g mice were on their feet on the floor. After 35 days of habitation, all mice were returned to the Earth and processed. Significant decreases were evident in femur bone density and the soleus/gastrocnemius muscle weights of {$\mu$} g mice, whereas artificial 1\, g mice maintained the same bone density and muscle weight as mice in the ground control experiment, in which housing conditions in the flight experiment were replicated. These data indicate that these changes were particularly because of gravity. They also present the first evidence that the addition of gravity can prevent decreases in bone density and muscle mass, and that the new platform `MARS' may provide novel insights on the molecular-mechanisms regulating biological processes controlled by partial g /{$\mu$} g .}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\J45X4CXN\Shiba et al. - 2017 - Development of new experimental platform ‘MARS’—Multiple Artificial-gravity Research System—to eluci.pdf} } @manual{signaldevelopersSignalSignalProcessing2023, type = {Manual}, title = {{{signal}}: {{Signal}} Processing}, author = {{signal developers}}, year = 2023 } @article{takeokaMuscleSpindleFeedback2014, title = {Muscle Spindle Feedback Directs Locomotor Recovery and Circuit Reorganization after Spinal Cord Injury}, author = {Takeoka, Aya and Vollenweider, Isabel and Courtine, Gr{\'e}goire and Arber, Silvia}, year = 2014, month = dec, journal = {Cell}, volume = {159}, number = {7}, pages = {1626--1639}, issn = {1097-4172}, doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.019}, abstract = {Spinal cord injuries alter motor function by disconnecting neural circuits above and below the lesion, rendering sensory inputs a primary source of direct external drive to neuronal networks caudal to the injury. Here, we studied mice lacking functional muscle spindle feedback to determine the role of this sensory channel in gait control and locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. High-resolution kinematic analysis of intact mutant mice revealed proficient execution in basic locomotor tasks but poor performance in a precision task. After injury, wild-type~mice spontaneously recovered basic locomotor function, whereas mice with deficient muscle spindle feedback failed to regain control over the hindlimb on~the lesioned side. Virus-mediated tracing demonstrated that mutant mice exhibit defective rearrangements of descending circuits projecting to deprived spinal segments during recovery. Our findings reveal an essential role for muscle spindle feedback in directing basic locomotor recovery and facilitating circuit reorganization after spinal cord injury.}, langid = {english}, pmid = {25525880}, keywords = {Animals,Early Growth Response Protein 3,Feedback Physiological,Locomotion,Mice,Muscle Spindles,Neurons,Spinal Cord Injuries,Spinal Cord Regeneration}, file = {C\:\\Users\\adama\\Zotero\\storage\\QLDK6Z48\\Takeoka et al. - 2014 - Muscle spindle feedback directs locomotor recovery and circuit reorganization after spinal cord inju.pdf;C\:\\Users\\adama\\Zotero\\storage\\XADLJ4Q8\\Takeoka et al. - 2014 - Muscle Spindle Feedback Directs Locomotor Recovery and Circuit Reorganization after Spinal Cord Inju.pdf} } @article{zhangNewTypeSimulated2022, title = {A New Type of Simulated Partial Gravity Apparatus for Rats Based on a Pully-Spring System}, author = {Zhang, Shenke and Adachi, Takuya and Zhang, Shengli and Yoshida, Yukari and Takahashi, Akihisa}, year = 2022, month = aug, journal = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology}, volume = {10}, pages = {965656}, issn = {2296-634X}, doi = {10.3389/fcell.2022.965656}, urldate = {2026-02-26}, abstract = {The return to the Moon and the landing on Mars has emphasized the need for greater attention to the effects of partial gravity on human health. Here, we sought to devise a new type of simulated partial gravity apparatus that could more efficiently and accurately provide a partial gravity environment for rat hindlimbs. The new apparatus uses a pulley system and tail suspension to create the simulated partial gravity of the rat's hind limbs by varying the weight in a balance container attached to the pulley system. An experiment was designed to verify the reliability and stability of the new apparatus. In this experiment, 25 seven-week-old male Wistar Hannover rats were randomly divided into five groups ( n = 5 per group): hindlimb full weight-bearing control (1 G ), sham (1 G ), and the simulated gravity groups including Mars (3/8 G ), Moon (1/6 G ), and interplanetary space (microgravity: \textmu{} G ). The levels of partial gravity experienced by rat hindlimbs in the Mars and Moon groups were provided by a novel simulated partial gravity device. Changes in bone parameters [overall bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular BMD, cortical BMD, cortical bone thickness, minimum moment of area (MMA), and polar moment of area (PMA)] were evaluated using computed tomography in all rats at the proximal, middle, and distal regions of femur and tibia. Reduced gravity led to decreases in bone parameters (overall BMD, trabecular BMD, cortical BMD, MMA, and PMA) in the simulated gravity groups, mainly in distal femur and proximal tibia. The proximal tibia, MMA, and PMA findings indicated greater weakness in the \textmu{} G group than in the Mars group. The sham group design also excluded the decrease in lower limb bone parameters caused by the suspension attachment of the rat's tail. The new simulated partial gravity apparatus can provide a continuous and stable level of partial gravity. It offers a reliable and valuable model for studying the effects of extraterrestrial gravity environments on humans.}, langid = {english}, file = {C:\Users\adama\Zotero\storage\CJSC2ZXE\Zhang et al. - 2022 - A new type of simulated partial gravity apparatus for rats based on a pully-spring system.pdf} }